Lost bitcoins forever

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Bitcoin Basics. How to Store Bitcoin. Bitcoin Mining. Key Highlights. Bitcoin is considered lost when it can no longer be spent by anyone. Bitcoin is controlled by private keys , much like physical keys control money in a safe or vault.

Private keys create signatures, which are required to spend bitcoin. Without the private key, no signature can be created, and all funds linked to that key are unusable.

Accordingly, the simplest way to avoid losing bitcoin is to safeguard private keys. There is no way to know exactly how many bitcoin are lost forever. Reports claim that anywhere between million bitcoin will never be recovered, lowering the hard cap from 21 million to million. The Bitcoin blockchain is an immutable ledger, which means that all bitcoin transactions are final, and there is seldom recourse for a mistaken transaction.

Humans are the sole cause of lost bitcoin, not Bitcoin or the blockchain technology. Millions of bitcoin have not moved addresses for a significant period of time, and the market is uncertain whether they will re-enter circulation. However, this does not automatically mean they are lost. One famous example of unmoved bitcoin is the large cache of bitcoin held by Satoshi Nakamoto.

No one is certain what Satoshi did with the private keys to his bitcoin, or whether the keys still exist, but the bitcoin has not moved since their creation. Lost coins only make everyone else's coins worth slightly more. Think of it as a donation to everyone. By removing those coins from circulation, Satoshi reduced the total bitcoin supply by more than 1 million.

When bitcoin remains unmoved for a long period of time, the market responds as though the bitcoin has been removed from circulation and adjusts the price based on the lower supply. Bitcoin is a unique asset because it can be easily self-custodied without a trusted third party. However, self-custody places the responsibility of security and the risk of loss on the user; if a user takes full self-custody of their bitcoin and loses the private keys, the bitcoin is irreversibly lost.

A helpful way to keep a bitcoin wallet safe is to use a mnemonic phrase as a backup. A mnemonic phrase allows a wallet to be recreated even if the device used to access the wallet is lost or broken. Hackers have targeted exchanges on numerous occasions to obtain private keys and self-storage is prone to human error. Custodians are typically institutions with experience and expertise in custody, making them more secure than exchanges and more reliable than self-storage.

Therefore, if a Bitcoin transaction sends bitcoin to an incorrect address, they are likely impossible to recover. The only way to recover bitcoin sent to an incorrect address is for the owner of that address to refund the mistaken transaction.

Luckily, this type of mistake is exceedingly rare, because many wallets check whether an address is valid before allowing a user to send bitcoin. The best way to avoid losing bitcoin through a mistaken transaction is to verify the address of a counterparty before transacting on-chain. Bitcoin can be lost when a bitcoin owner passes away without sharing their private key or ensuring their private key can be recovered by an intended recipient. In some cases, the deceased never revealed that they owned bitcoin during their lifetime, and their beneficiaries may be unaware there is bitcoin to be recovered.

Similarly, many estate planning lawyers are unfamiliar with Bitcoin and do not know how to handle their deceased clients' private keys with the appropriate level of care. If that happens, the bitcoin can be lost forever. There is no way to recover bitcoin that is truly lost. Some mistaken transactions have been refunded, but only when the counterparty personally knows the sender, which is infrequent.

If a private key is lost, then bitcoin belonging to that key is unspendable. Lost bitcoin increases the value of the remaining bitcoin on the network.

Bitcoin is infinitely divisible, so lost bitcoin does not harm the network as a whole. Furthermore, because Bitcoin derives value from its absolutely finite supply, every lost bitcoin will slightly increase the value of remaining bitcoin in the network.

Today, many protocols exist to safeguard private keys and passwords. Individual users who self-custody bitcoin are prone to human error and other unique threats. You can reduce the chance of losing your bitcoin by adhering to the latest standards in information security and data storage.

Traditional Bank Account vs. Bitcoin Custodial Storage. Depositing funds in a traditional bank account and storing bitcoin with a custodian are not equivalent. Banks have greater physical access to your funds than bitcoin custodians do to your bitcoin. Investing Bitcoin in an LLC. Using an LLC to invest in bitcoin requires careful planning and consideration on behalf of the founding members.

Choosing a Bitcoin Wallet. Choosing a Bitcoin wallet relies on several factors, including the use cases of each individual user. Hardware wallets are optimized for long term storage while mobile and desktop wallets are best for day-to-day spending. Get zero fees and more bitcoin on recurring orders.

Sign Up. Another avenue through which Bitcoin can be lost is through "burning". This can be done by setting up a wallet with no known private key. The wallet can still be seen online, complete with every transaction, but the funds will likely never be retrieved. There are some addresses out there where no known private key exists.

Bitoin Eater. Any coins sent to the above address will be lost forever. Same with this unspendable address:. That one was used for the Counterparty's proof-of-burn. People sent bitcoins to that address to prove that they were "burned" i.

The fact that Bitcoin can be lost or destroyed may have been a problem if Bitcoins were not able to be made infinitely divisible, but since they can be, it is a non-issue.

If necessary, Bitcoin can be forked to use more than 8 decimal places. If that's not sufficient, proof-of-burn could be used to seed an entirely new cryptocurrency. In fact, lost Bitcoins should theoretically cause an increase in the value of the currency, according to the laws of supply and demand.

Despite this, the notion that the loss or destruction of coins is helpful to Bitcoin doesn't make a lot of sense either. To the contrary, it may have contributed to a slower adoption to the mainstream. With Bitcoin it's possible to forfeit all of one's currency if precautions are not taken and one loses his or her private key. This is as opposed to say, fiat money in a bank, where identity can be used to verify the ownership of the money, and where the money is further insured by the government.

I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it other than from Seeking Alpha. I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Martin YK Li Followers. For example: Bitoin Eater Any coins sent to the above address will be lost forever. Same with this unspendable address: Counterparty That one was used for the Counterparty's proof-of-burn. This article was written by. Martin YK Li. Interested in computer hardware manufacturers. Recommended For You. Comments 19 Newest.